1254 Sophie Blvd · Alafaya, FL 32828

$229,900

2 bd · 2.0 ba · 995 sqft · SingleFamily public records · 39 Days on market

Built 1986 $43/mo HOA · 2% of rent

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Why this score? — see what drove the D grade

The composite is a weighted blend of 9 inputs, each scored 0–100. Each bar is that input's sub-score; the figure is the points it added to the 100-point composite (weight × sub-score).

• Cash flow +9.8/30.0
• ARV discount +7.5/15.0
• Appreciation +4.8/10.0
• Schools +4.1/10.0
• Livability +4.1/5.0
• 1% rule +2.8/10.0
• DSCR +2.8/10.0
• Rent growth +2.7/5.0
• Condition / age +2.5/5.0

Listing remarks MLS

Welcome Home! Come see this wonderful 2 bed/2 bath home located in the Sussex Place Community. Beautiful laminate flooring throughout the home. The master bedroom offers three closets. The kitchen area features a perfect workspace at home. The laundry room is located inside the house. The fenced in yard offers a storage closet. Low HOA fees and access to a community pool. It won't last…. Two assigned parking spaces directly behind your property. The Community is located in East Orlando close to OIA, Research Parkway, Medical City, UCF, Hospitals, Waterford Lakes Shopping Center, major highways (417/408/528) and close to the beach. Ready to Move In: Roof 2019, Plumbing 2017, HVAC/Ductwork 2020, Pella windows 2020, Water Heater 2017, New fence 2020, Laminate throughout 2021, Knockdown Ceilings 2021, Septic pumped 2019, Bathroom remodels 2019/2021, New light fixtures. Schedule your tour today!!

Key facts

• Pool access
• One story layout
• Split floor plan

Tags

• ONE STORY LAYOUT
• SPLIT FLOOR PLAN
• SPACIOUS KITCHEN
• REAR PATIO
• HOA INCLUDES LAWN MOWING
• POOL ACCESS

Property features AI

Finance

• Other: Living area approximately 995 square feet
• Financial info: Lease restrictions apply
• HOA & community: HOA managed by Bono Associates; Pool in community; Monthly HOA approximately $43.25 (annually $519); Association fee required; Pets allowed with breed restrictions

Exterior

• Utilities: Public water; Septic tank sewer; Public utilities
• Home design: Residential villa; One story; Faces west
• Construction: Block construction; Shingle roof
• Exterior features: Other exterior features; Paved road access

Interior

• Kitchen: Dishwasher; Range; Microwave; Refrigerator
• Bedrooms: 2 bedrooms
• Flooring: Laminate; Slab foundation
• Bathrooms: 2 full bathrooms
• Heating & cooling: Central heating; Central air
• Interior features: Ceiling fans
• Laundry & utility: Washer; Dryer; Laundry closet

What this means for you Summary

Snapshot

• This is a 2-bed/2.0-bath single-family listed at $230k.

Deal economics

• At list price, monthly cash flow is $-149 ($-2k/yr) — negative.
• To cash-flow at today's rent, offer at most $204k (11.5% below list).
• To meet the 1% rule (rent ≥ 1% of price), the offer needs to be $180k (21.6% below list).
• Recommended offer: $180k (21.6% below list) — sets the bar for 1% rule.
• Cap rate 5.5% vs local median 3.5% in Alafaya — top-decile yield for the area; either an underpriced asset or a hidden risk that comps aren't pricing in. Stress-test before assuming the spread holds.

Location & tenants

• Location reads 82/100 on livability (#60 in FL, #1,076 nationally) — a professional / high-income tenant draw. Strengths: housing A+, health & safety A+, crime A; Watch: cost of living C-.
• Orange (suburban): math 46% / reading 51% proficiency, ranked #43 of 73 in FL (top 59%) — families likely to look elsewhere, expect single-tenant / working-renter base with shorter leases.
• Zoned schools: Camelot Elementary (math 54% / reading 58%, grade C+, #832 of 2,144 statewide, top 40%, 609 students, 51% FRL); East River High (math 27% / reading 47%, grade F, #340 of 667 statewide, top 52%, 2,050 students, 45% FRL).
• Market conditions: Rents flat; 328 active listings in the ZIP; 40 comparable units currently listed for rent nearby; rentals at typical pace (median 18d on market — plan ~3-4 weeks tenant-placement turnaround); solid renter incomes; 8,053 units permitted in Orange County in 2024 (3,133 in 5+ unit buildings).

Forward outlook

• In year one you build about $745 of equity ($2k loan paydown + $-844 appreciation (-0.4% local appreciation)).
• Orange County population projected at +52% by 2050 — long-run rental-demand tailwind backs the buy-and-hold thesis.

Negotiation context

• It's been on market 39 days — a 3% lower offer ($223k) is reasonable based on typical stale-listing flexibility.
• 5 sale attempts since 8y ago with the ask held roughly flat each time — persistent listings suggest the price (not the market) is what's stuck; bring a comps-based counter.

Risks & watch-outs

• Climate carrying-cost: severe wind risk, 99% chance of damaging wind over 30y; extreme-heat days projected 7→22/yr by 2055 (HVAC capex compounding) — expect insurance premiums to compound above CPI over the hold.

Recommended offer $180,208 (21.6% below list)

Questions for the listing agent

1. What do current leases actually rent for vs. the listed asking? Can we see a recent rent roll and the last 12 months of T-12 income?
2. It's been on market 39 days. Have you received any prior offers? Is the seller open to a 22% concession, seller financing, or rate buy-down credit?
3. What does the HOA fee cover, when was the last increase, and are there any pending special assessments or reserve-fund shortfalls?
4. Is there a deadline driving the sale (1031 exchange, divorce, estate, relocation)? That informs how much negotiation room exists.
5. Schools are D-rated, which usually means shorter tenancies and higher turnover. Who's the typical renter profile here, and what's been the actual vacancy rate?
6. The area grade is low — what's the realistic commute time and amenity access for the typical tenant pool here? Any planned neighborhood developments (good or bad) we should know about?
7. What's the average days-on-market for RENTAL listings here right now (not sales)? A rising rental-DOM trend means longer vacancies and softer asking-rent achievability than the comps imply.
8. What's the recent tenant-quality profile in this submarket — average credit score on applications, eviction rate, late-payment / NSF rate, and stable-employment percentage? A property-management company in the area should have these aggregated.
9. How much new for-sale + rental construction is in the pipeline within 1–3 miles? Heavy new supply typically softens prices + rents 12–24 months out; constrained supply supports both.

Investment metrics

• 1% rule: 0.78% ✗
• Cap rate: 5.51%
• Cash-on-cash: -2.78%
• DSCR: 0.88
• GRM: 10.6

CMA / ARV

No comps found within radius.

Projected returns pro-forma

-0.37% appreciation · 0.82% rent growth · sell at horizon

5-year hold

• IRR: -8.3%
• Equity multiple: 0.63×
• Total profit: $-24,022
• Equity at exit: $62,568

10-year hold

• IRR: -3.6%
• Equity multiple: 0.65×
• Total profit: $-22,499
• Equity at exit: $71,944

Cash invested: $64,372 (down + closing). Projections, not guarantees.

Landlord ↔ Tenant lean methodology

• Overall (STATE): 87 Strongly Landlord-Friendly
• State Florida: 87 Strongly Landlord-Friendly · R+3
• County: — inherits STATE
• City: — inherits STATE

3-day pay-or-quit; preempts local rent control; landlord-friendly statutes. Court speed varies by county.

Methodology + full state rankings →

ZIP-level market 32828

• Home prices YoY: -0.1%
• Rents YoY: 0.8%
• Active inventory: 328
• Price-to-rent: 10.6×

Monthly cashflow live

• Estimated rent: $1,802 high
• Mortgage (P&I): −$1,206
• Tax from tax record: −$229 /mo · $2,742/yr
• Insurance: −$96
• HOA: −$43
• Vacancy / Maint / Mgmt: −$378
• Net cashflow: $-149

Break-even live

Break-even rent $1,991

Max offer price $203,527

Occupancy floor —

Sensitivity live

Price	-10% $-19	-5% $-84	+0% $-149	+5% $-214	+10% $-279
Rent	-10% $-292	-5% $-220	+0% $-149	+5% $-78	+10% $-7
Rate	-1.0pp $-34	-0.5pp $-91	base $-149	+0.5pp $-209	+1.0pp $-269

UW: 25.0% down · 7.5% · 30yr · 1.5% tax · 5.0% vac · 8.0% maint · 8.0% mgmt

Financing live

Cash to close

• Down payment: $57,475
• Closing costs: $6,897
• Reserves months: —
• Total cash needed: —

Rent comps 40 comps

Address	Beds	Baths	Sqft	Rent	$/sqft	DOM	Units	Dist
1230 Sophie Blvd Orlando, FL	2.0	2.0	1087	$1,550	$1.43	4d	1	0.01mi
12137 Ashton Manor Way Orlando, FL	1.0–3.0	1.0–2.0	1051	$1,693	$1.61	4d	8	0.12mi
1421 Sophie Blvd Orlando, FL	2.0	2.0	1087	$1,795	$1.65	19d	1	0.18mi
12612 Victoria Place Cir Orlando, FL	1.0–3.0	1.0–2.0	1149	$2,098	$1.82	3d	12	0.23mi
1700 Woodbury Rd Orlando, FL	1.0–3.0	1.0–2.0	999	$1,712	$1.71	4d	7	0.54mi
1301 Waterford Oak Dr Orlando, FL	1.0–2.0	1.0–2.0	948	$2,069	$2.18	3d	14	0.57mi
12221 E Colonial Dr Orlando, FL	2.0	1.0–2.0	817	$2,015	$2.47	4d	10	0.59mi
12000 Bryonia Rd Alafaya, FL	1.0–3.0	1.0–2.0	979	$2,127	$2.17	3d	14	0.61mi
834 Oberry Hoover Rd Orlando, FL	2.0	1.0	1061	$1,750	$1.65	25d	1	0.76mi
12500 Crest Springs Ln #1014 Orlando, FL	2.0	2.0	1013	$1,700	$1.68	12d	1	0.80mi
12500 Crest Springs Ln #1023 Orlando, FL	2.0	2.0	1013	$1,599	$1.58	23d	1	0.80mi
725 Crest Pines Dr Unit 1 Orlando, FL	2.0	2.0	1013	$1,895	$1.87	9d	1	0.87mi
725 Crest Pines Dr Orlando, FL	2.0–3.0	2.0	1100	$1,895	$1.72	25d	2	0.87mi
12602 Crest Springs Ln #1318 Orlando, FL	2.0	2.0	1013	$1,975	$1.95	16d	1	0.88mi
713 Crest Pines Dr #217 Orlando, FL	2.0	2.0	1013	$1,850	$1.83	23d	1	0.91mi
2515 N Alafaya Trl Orlando, FL	2.0	1.0	850	$1,295	$1.52	23d	1	0.94mi
12932 Mallory Cir Orlando, FL	1.0–3.0	1.0–2.0	1096	$2,099	$1.91	3d	39	0.94mi
12932 Mallory Cir Orlando, FL	1.0–3.0	1.0–3.0	1173	$2,180	$1.86	17d	49	0.94mi
2507 N Alafaya Trl #12 Orlando, FL	2.0	1.0	850	$1,300	$1.53	21d	1	0.95mi
2509 N Alafaya Trl #16 Orlando, FL	2.0	1.0	850	$1,495	$1.76	25d	1	0.95mi
2519 N Alafaya Trl #34 Orlando, FL	2.0	1.0	850	$1,450	$1.71	25d	1	0.95mi
2505 N Alafaya Trl #8 Orlando, FL	2.0	1.0	850	$1,395	$1.64	25d	1	0.95mi
2505 N Alafaya Trl Orlando, FL	2.0	1.0	850	$1,395	$1.64	25d	1	0.95mi
2521 N Alafaya Trl #37 Orlando, FL	2.0	1.0	850	$1,420	$1.67	25d	1	0.95mi
2533 N Alafaya Trl #62 Orlando, FL	2.0	1.0	850	$1,295	$1.52	19d	1	0.96mi
12101 Fountainbrook Blvd Orlando, FL	1.0–3.0	1.0–2.0	968	$1,996	$2.06	3d	17	0.96mi
2557 N Alafaya Trl #110 Orlando, FL	2.0	1.0	900	$1,295	$1.44	19d	1	0.97mi
2565 N Alafaya Trl Orlando, FL	2.0	1.0	850	$1,495	$1.76	25d	1	0.98mi
2547 N Alafaya Trl #92 Orlando, FL	2.0	1.0	850	$1,380	$1.62	9d	1	0.99mi
2549 N Alafaya Trl Orlando, FL	2.0	1.0	850	$1,200	$1.41	5d	1	1.00mi
12352 Fox Hound Ct Orlando, FL	2.0	1.5	1006	$1,600	$1.59	9d	1	1.00mi
2550 N Alafaya Trl Orlando, FL	1.0–3.0	1.0–2.0	870	$1,512	$1.74	9d	4	1.06mi
12222 Fox Hound Ln Orlando, FL	2.0	2.0	1060	$1,900	$1.79	4d	1	1.06mi
2612 Adela Ave Unit 2612 Orlando, FL	2.0	2.0	880	$1,550	$1.76	5d	1	1.07mi
12216 Fox Hound Ln Orlando, FL	2.0	2.0	1048	$1,650	$1.57	23d	1	1.07mi
2720 Gray Fox Ln Orlando, FL	2.0	1.5	992	$1,500	$1.51	23d	1	1.15mi
2724 Gray Fox Ln Orlando, FL	2.0	1.5	992	$1,500	$1.51	25d	1	1.15mi
13645 E Colonial Dr Orlando, FL	2.0	1.0–2.0	857	$2,235	$2.61	3d	10	1.18mi
2643 Laser Ct Orlando, FL	2.0	2.0	1033	$1,550	$1.50	3d	1	1.18mi
2714 Adela Ave Orlando, FL	2.0	2.0	880	$1,525	$1.73	23d	1	1.19mi

HOA detail

• Monthly dues: $43 · $516/yr
• Likely covers: waterpoolparking

Listing history 23 events

1. 2026-06-07
   statusdays on market $229,900 Pending 39 DOM
2. 2026-06-04
   days on market $229,900 Active 38 DOM
3. 2026-06-03
   days on market $229,900 Active 37 DOM
4. 2026-06-02
   days on market $229,900 Active 36 DOM
5. 2026-06-02
   days on market $229,900 Active 35 DOM
6. 2026-05-31
   days on market $229,900 Active 34 DOM
7. 2026-05-23
   status Active
8. 2026-05-18
   status Pending
9. 2026-05-04
   status Active
10. 2026-04-09
    status Pending
11. 2026-03-28
    listed $229,900 Active
12. 2022-09-07
    soldstatus $220,000
13. 2021-06-11
    soldstatus $195,000 Closed 911-char remark

    Show marketing remark (911 chars)

    Welcome Home! Come see this wonderful 2 bed/2 bath home located in the Sussex Place Community. Beautiful laminate flooring throughout the home. The master bedroom offers three closets. The kitchen area features a perfect workspace at home. The laundry room is located inside the house. The fenced in yard offers a storage closet. Low HOA fees and access to a community pool. It won't last…. Two assigned parking spaces directly behind your property. The Community is located in East Orlando close to OIA, Research Parkway, Medical City, UCF, Hospitals, Waterford Lakes Shopping Center, major highways (417/408/528) and close to the beach. Ready to Move In: Roof 2019, Plumbing 2017, HVAC/Ductwork 2020, Pella windows 2020, Water Heater 2017, New fence 2020, Laminate throughout 2021, Knockdown Ceilings 2021, Septic pumped 2019, Bathroom remodels 2019/2021, New light fixtures. Schedule your tour today!!

14. 2021-05-11
    status Pending 911-char remark

    Show marketing remark (911 chars)

    Welcome Home! Come see this wonderful 2 bed/2 bath home located in the Sussex Place Community. Beautiful laminate flooring throughout the home. The master bedroom offers three closets. The kitchen area features a perfect workspace at home. The laundry room is located inside the house. The fenced in yard offers a storage closet. Low HOA fees and access to a community pool. It won't last…. Two assigned parking spaces directly behind your property. The Community is located in East Orlando close to OIA, Research Parkway, Medical City, UCF, Hospitals, Waterford Lakes Shopping Center, major highways (417/408/528) and close to the beach. Ready to Move In: Roof 2019, Plumbing 2017, HVAC/Ductwork 2020, Pella windows 2020, Water Heater 2017, New fence 2020, Laminate throughout 2021, Knockdown Ceilings 2021, Septic pumped 2019, Bathroom remodels 2019/2021, New light fixtures. Schedule your tour today!!

15. 2021-05-06
    listed $189,900 Active 911-char remark

    Show marketing remark (911 chars)

    Welcome Home! Come see this wonderful 2 bed/2 bath home located in the Sussex Place Community. Beautiful laminate flooring throughout the home. The master bedroom offers three closets. The kitchen area features a perfect workspace at home. The laundry room is located inside the house. The fenced in yard offers a storage closet. Low HOA fees and access to a community pool. It won't last…. Two assigned parking spaces directly behind your property. The Community is located in East Orlando close to OIA, Research Parkway, Medical City, UCF, Hospitals, Waterford Lakes Shopping Center, major highways (417/408/528) and close to the beach. Ready to Move In: Roof 2019, Plumbing 2017, HVAC/Ductwork 2020, Pella windows 2020, Water Heater 2017, New fence 2020, Laminate throughout 2021, Knockdown Ceilings 2021, Septic pumped 2019, Bathroom remodels 2019/2021, New light fixtures. Schedule your tour today!!

16. 2018-08-16
    soldstatus $132,500
17. 2018-06-08
    soldstatus $132,500 Sold 252-char remark

    Show marketing remark (252 chars)

    Updated duplex just waiting for the perfect buyer. Close to everything East Orlando has to offer and public transportation. Go shopping at Waterford Lakes Town Center or have dinner at one of the amazing local restaurants. Close to UCF and Hwy 408 too!

18. 2018-05-10
    status Pending 252-char remark

    Show marketing remark (252 chars)

    Updated duplex just waiting for the perfect buyer. Close to everything East Orlando has to offer and public transportation. Go shopping at Waterford Lakes Town Center or have dinner at one of the amazing local restaurants. Close to UCF and Hwy 408 too!

19. 2018-05-10
    listed $132,500 Active 252-char remark

    Show marketing remark (252 chars)

    Updated duplex just waiting for the perfect buyer. Close to everything East Orlando has to offer and public transportation. Go shopping at Waterford Lakes Town Center or have dinner at one of the amazing local restaurants. Close to UCF and Hwy 408 too!

20. 1996-08-01
    soldstatus $44,000
21. 1996-07-26
    soldstatus $44,000
22. 1995-04-24
    soldstatus $29,500
23. 1995-03-22
    soldstatus $27,500

ⓘ Source: listings_history table (triggers on properties + properties_extension) + one-shot backfill from property_details.listing_events for pre-trigger history.

Tax reassessment forecast FL · Resets to sale price

• Current annual tax: $2,742 · $229/mo
• Projected year-2 tax: $2,742 · $229/mo
• Expected delta: $0/yr ($0/mo · 0.0%)

ⓘ Screening estimate from a state-policy table — verify with the county assessor before closing.

Climate risk First Street

• 🌊 Flood 1/10 Low FEMA zone X (unshaded) · 0% chance over 30 yrs
• 🔥 Wildfire 1/10 Low
• 🌡 Heat 9/10 Extreme 7 d/yr ≥108°F today · 22 d/yr by 30 yrs out
• 💨 Wind 9/10 Extreme 99% chance of damaging wind over 30 yrs
• 🫁 Air quality 2/10 Low 2 unhealthy d/yr today · 2 by 30 yrs out

Taxation est. · year 1

• Rental income: $21,625
• − Mortgage interest: −$12,878
• − Property taxes: −$2,742
• − Insurance: −$1,150
• − Repairs & maintenance: −$1,730
• − Management: −$1,730
• − HOA: −$516
• − Depreciation: −$6,688
• Taxable loss: −$5,809
• Est. tax savings @ 24.0%: +$1,394
• After-tax cash flow: $-397/yr

For passive investors: Depreciation is non-cash, so a rental often shows a tax loss while cash-flowing — sheltering income. Rental losses are passive: they offset passive income freely, and up to $25,000/yr can offset ordinary (W-2) income if you actively participate and your MAGI is under $100k (phasing out to $0 by $150k); unused losses carry forward. On sale, claimed depreciation is recaptured at up to 25%, and gains may owe capital-gains tax (a 1031 exchange can defer both). Figures are a year-1 estimate at your 24.0% rate — not tax advice; consult a CPA.

Schools (NCES district)

• District: Orange
• NCES district ID: 1201440
• Math proficiency: 46% ▼ -9.00%
• Reading proficiency: 51% ▼ -2.00%
• Median HH income: $49,350
• Composite: 41.47/100
• National rank: #3461
• State rank: #43 of 73 in FL

Livability — Alafaya

• Score: 82/100
• State rank: #60
• US rank: #1076

Category grades

Amenities B- Commute B+ Cost of living C- Crime A Employment A Housing A+ Health & safety A+ User ratings C-

Schools grade is shown separately in the Schools card above.

Census & demographics

• Census place: Alafaya, FL
• County: Orange County · 1,471,359 people
• City population: 131,972
• Metro: Orlando-Kissimmee-Sanford, FL
• Population (ZIP): 69,202
• Household income: $101,767
• Rent vs Own: 36.3% rent · 63.7% own
• Severe rent burden: 2213.0

Population outlook (Orange County) Hauer SSP2

• Today (2025): 1,618,226 people
• By 2030: 1,787,404 · +10.5%
• By 2040: 2,125,621 · +31.4%
• By 2050: 2,454,016 · +51.6%
• By 2075: 3,173,711 · +96.1%
• By 2100: 3,607,781 · +122.9%

Race, ethnicity, and origin ACS 2023

• Neighborhood character: Diverse neighborhood (Simpson 0.67)
• Race & ethnicity: White 42% Hispanic / Latino 37% Two or more races 23% Black 9% Asian 7%
• Hispanic origin (detail): Mexican 1% Puerto Rican 19% Cuban 4% Dominican 3%
• Common ancestry: Slovak 2% Romanian 1% Lithuanian 1%
• Foreign-born: 20% · Canada, Jamaica, Vietnam
• Languages at home: 63% English-only · Spanish 27% Other Indo-European 3% Arabic 1%

Political lean MEDSL · Orange

• 2024 margin: D (+13.6) · D 56.1% · R 42.5% · Other 1.3%
• 2008→2024 swing: -5.0pp toward R · 2008: 18.6pp · 2024: 13.6pp
• All cycles: 2024: D+13.6 2020: D+23.1 2016: D+24.6 2012: D+18.2 2008: D+18.6

Not yet ingested

• Civics: —

Market trends

• HPI YoY: ▼ -0.37%
• Current HPI: 284.5182
• Rent YoY: ▲ 0.82%
• Metro: Orlando-Kissimmee-Sanford, FL
• State GDP YoY: ▲ 3.28%
• F500 in state: 36

Industry mix (Fortune 500 HQ in FL)

Industry	F500 HQs	Revenue
▸Industrial Technology	2	$29B
▸Insurance	2	$17B
▸Retail	1	$60B
▸Technology Distribution	1	$58B
▸Homebuilding	1	$35B
▸Technology Manufacturing	1	$35B

Price history

+736.0% since first listed

17 events — show timeline

• 2026-05-23 Relisted — Stellar MLS as Distributed by MLS Grid
• 2026-05-18 Pending — Stellar MLS as Distributed by MLS Grid
• 2026-05-04 Relisted — Stellar MLS as Distributed by MLS Grid
• 2026-04-09 Pending — Stellar MLS as Distributed by MLS Grid
• 2026-03-28 Listed $229,900 Stellar MLS as Distributed by MLS Grid
• 2022-09-07 Sold (Public Records) $220,000 Public Records
• 2021-06-11 Sold (MLS) $195,000 Stellar MLS as Distributed by MLS Grid
• 2021-05-11 Pending — Stellar MLS as Distributed by MLS Grid
• 2021-05-06 Listed $189,900 Stellar MLS as Distributed by MLS Grid
• 2018-08-16 Sold (Public Records) $132,500 Public Records
• 2018-06-08 Sold (MLS) $132,500 Stellar MLS as Distributed by MLS Grid
• 2018-05-10 Pending — Stellar MLS as Distributed by MLS Grid
• 2018-05-10 Listed $132,500 Stellar MLS as Distributed by MLS Grid
• 1996-08-01 Sold (Public Records) $44,000 Public Records
• 1996-07-26 Sold (Public Records) $44,000 Public Records
• 1995-04-24 Sold (Public Records) $29,500 Public Records
• 1995-03-22 Sold (Public Records) $27,500 Public Records

Property tax history

+7.5%/yr

Latest (2025): $2,742 · +6.7% YoY. Source: county tax records.